1. Basic Properties
Chemical Formula: V₂O₅
Appearance: Orange-yellow to reddish-brown crystalline powder.
Density: 3.357 g/cm³
Melting Point: Decomposes at ~690°C (forms VO₂ and O₂).
Solubility:
Slightly soluble in cold water.
Soluble in strong acids (e.g., H₂SO₄, HCl) and alkalis, forming vanadate ions (VO₃⁻/VO₄³⁻).
2. Synthesis Methods
Industrial Production:
Roasting Process: Extracted from vanadium-bearing ores (e.g., vanadinite or magnetite) via roasting with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), followed by leaching and precipitation.
Recycling: Recovered from spent catalysts or petroleum residues.
Laboratory Preparation: Thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃).
3. Key Applications
Catalysis:
Sulfuric Acid Production: Catalyzes SO₂ → SO₃ oxidation (Contact Process).
SCR Denitrification: Reduces NOx emissions in power plants/vehicles (Selective Catalytic Reduction).
Energy Storage:
Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB): Electrolyte component for large-scale energy storage.
Other Uses:
Glass/ceramic coloring (blue/green hues).
Metallurgy: Precursor for metallic vanadium (via aluminothermic reduction).
Photocatalysis: Degrades organic pollutants under light.
4. Safety & Toxicity
Hazards:
Toxic if inhaled or ingested; causes respiratory irritation, lung damage, and potential liver/kidney harm.
Protection:
Use gloves, goggles, and dust masks; ensure proper ventilation.
First Aid:
Skin contact: Wash with water.
Inhalation: Move to fresh air, seek medical help.
5. Storage & Transport
Store in sealed containers, away from moisture, acids, bases, and reductants.
Classified as hazardous material; avoid mixing with food products.
