1. Storage Requirements
(1) Environmental Control
Moisture-proof sealing:
Electrolytic manganese flakes are very easy to oxidize, so they must be sealed with vacuum packaging or filled with nitrogen/argon to insulate air and moisture.
Temperature and humidity:
The recommended storage temperature is ≤30°C, relative humidity <60% (temperature and humidity monitor must be installed).
Avoid light and ventilation:
Avoid direct sunlight, the warehouse should be ventilated to prevent the formation of hydrogen (H₂) or acid gases.
(2) Stacking Specification
Pallet separation:
Packaging boxes should be placed on wooden or plastic pallets, ≥15 cm from the ground, avoiding direct contact with wet ground.
Stack height:
The height of one stack is no more than 3 layers to prevent the bottom layer of the package from collapsing under pressure.
Zone storage:
Acids and oxidizing agents (such as ammonium nitrate and chlorate) should be stored separately or at ≥5 m intervals.
2. Transport Characteristics
(1) Packing Standard
Inner layer: vacuum bag made of aluminum foil or aluminum film, moisture-proof and resistant to oxidation.
Middle layer: Impact-resistant foam or bubble wrap to reduce collisions during transportation.
Outer layer: strong corrugated cardboard or wooden box marked with the signs "moisture resistant" and "fragile".
(2) Transportation Method
Ground Transportation:
Choose van-type trucks to avoid open-air transportation; Use refrigerators (temperature control ≤35°C) during the summer high temperature.
Sea transport:
Place a desiccant (such as silica gel) inside the container; The container must be airtight and regularly checked for humidity.
Anti-vibration measures:
Use anti-slip pads to secure between containers to avoid strong impacts that cause the manganese flakes to break.
(3) Multimodal Transport Ban
The following substances may not be carried in the same vehicle:
Acids (e.g., sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid) → The reaction releases hydrogen, which is flammable and explosive.
Oxidizing substances (e.g., peroxides, nitrates) can → cause violent oxidation reactions.
Water-containing products (e.g. liquid chemicals) do → increase the risk of moisture ingress.
3. Safe Operation And Emergency Response
(1) Leak Repair
Small leakage:
Wear protective gloves and masks, use dry tools to collect leaks, place them in airtight containers, and do not raise dust.
Large-scale leaks:
Cover with sand and sweep, neutralize the contaminated area with a 5% sodium carbonate solution.
(2) Fire Hazard
Flammability:
Manganese dust can explode on contact with an open flame at a concentration of ≥40 g/m³ in air (ignition point about 450°C).
Fire extinguishing methods:
Use dry powder and sand to extinguish fire, the use of water is strictly prohibited (when in contact with water, hydrogen gas is formed, which enhances combustion).
(3) Protection Of Personnel
Operator:
Wear a dust mask (Class N95), safety goggles and gloves resistant to acids and alkalis to avoid direct contact with the skin.
First aid measures:
Inhalation of manganese dust: Immediately take to fresh air and seek medical attention for examination.
Skin Contact: Rinse with water for 15 minutes, burns require medical attention.
4. Compliance With The Requirements Of International Transportation
UN number: UN3089 (metal powder, flammable, subject to declaration as dangerous goods of Class 9).
MSDS requirement:
Shipments must be accompanied by a chemical safety technical data sheet indicating ingredients, hazards and emergency measures.
Special Regional Regulations:
EU: REACH compliant, manganese dust emission limit (TWA≤0.2 mg/m³).
USA: Comply with OSHA standards (29 CFR 1910.1001).
5. Long-Term Storage Service
Periodic inspection:
Randomly check the tightness of the package every 3 months, if the vacuum bag is found to be convex (air leakage), it needs to be repacked.
Anti-oxidation treatment:
Slight oxidation of the surface (darkening) does not affect use, serious oxidation requires acid washing (soaking in dilute sulfuric acid and then rinsing and drying).
Storage cycle:
It is recommended that the shelf life should not exceed 12 months, following the principle of "first come, first out".
6. Recommendations For Cost Optimization
Centralized transportation:
Centralized transportation can reduce the specific logistics costs, reduce the risk of transit.
Recycled packaging:
Use reusable metal sealed drums (lined with moisture-proof bags) to reduce packaging wastage.